Ineffectiveness of Therapeutic Communities in Prisons Essay Example for Free

Ineffectiveness of Therapeutic Communities in Prisons Essay Prisons release 650,000 offenders to the public annually and 70% of those exoffenders will commit new offenses within three years (Fields, 2005, p. A4). According to the JFA Institute (2007), â€Å"two-thirds of the 650,000 prison admissions are people who have failed probation or parole—approximately half of these people have been sent to prison for technical violations† (p. 1). As prison crowding occurs, prison officials are challenged to keep inmates busy by assigning them to productive tasks and incorporate therapeutic programs (Center for Justice Reconciliation, 2007). If criminal justice professionals fail to keep up with programming expectations, program shortages may influence inmate idleness resulting in disruptions, prison violations, and mental-health issues related to stress and depression (Fields). During 2003 and 2004, approximately 900 criminals entered the nation’s jails and prisons each week based on a report issued in April 2006 by the U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs (p. 1). Jails and prisons in the U. S. house more people with mental illnesses than many of the inpatient psychiatric facilities, and virtually all correctional facilities experience the impact of this population that is increasing at an unprecedented rate (McCuan, Prini, Wasarhaley, 2007). During 2006, 41% of inmate assailants were listed under the mental health caseload (Collins, 2006). In 2006, the U. S. Department of Justice released statistics revealing that 23% of state prisoners reported symptoms of major depression. An estimated 61% of state prisoners and 44% of jail inmates who had a mental health problem also had a history of past violent behavior. In a 1999 report (Dawn, 2007), the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill reported that there are three times as many seriously mentally ill individuals in prison and jails than there are being treated in hospitals. Equally disturbing is that the criminal justice system will have some type of experience with 25 to 40% of the mentally ill in the U. S. population. Inmates with mental illness present additional expenditure problems for prison systems already overburdened by population demands. The influx has challenged criminal justice professionals to extend their budgets to cover the costs of appropriate programming for every offender in an effort to minimize potential inmate unrest, a situation that leads to assaults and other infractions associated with idleness (Wilkinson, 1998). In 2007, the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (DRC) reached a population milestone with a count of 50,000 offenders. As the inmate population rises in Ohio prisons, the possibility of inmate assaults may also go up â€Å"because overcrowding exacerbates the chronic pains of imprisonment† (Haney, 2006, p. 2). One way to manage a potential increase in assaults is to keep offenders engaged in some type of community activity and participating in therapeutic programs. Some officials reported that therapeutic programs and community service theoretically should be one of the most effective ways to engage an inmate’s time and energy and keep infractions at a manageable level. DRC views the involvement of inmates in community service and therapy as vital to their release. Ohio prison Director Terry Collins stated that ex-offenders who served as program participants during their incarceration help close the gap between themselves and their communities. As a result, these inmates are better prepared to function as lawabiding citizens â€Å"†¦because they have stayed in touch with the community and have given something of value back† (Collins, 2007, p. 1). â€Å"Very crowded prison systems are difficult to manage† (Wilkinson, 1998, p. 76). As prison crowding occurs, prison officials are challenged to keep inmates busy by assigning them to productive tasks. â€Å"Good prison management is engaging prisoners in meaningful activities such as educational programs and work assignments† (Wilkinson, p. 76). â€Å"The most important single factor (among many) that helps to explain the current crisis in American corrections—the lack of effective programming and treatment† (Haney, 2007, p. 76). Although prison jobs such as mopping floors, kitchen duty, and making prison garments occupy inmates’ time, more meaningful community service as a restorative justice measure may be an effective way to address the challenge of prison crowding (Center for Justice Reconciliation, 2007). â€Å"The meaningful aspect is critical because it may help to instill responsibility and a changed attitude about criminal activity† (Wilkinson, p. 76). Prisons in the United States are facing the challenges of crowding including inmate idleness as it relates to programming expectations. Lack of programming in prison is a serious safety and security threat to the staff, the public, and the offenders. As inmate populations increase, once stable prison systems can become volatile environments and endanger prison staff and the systems they are charged with protecting (Gaes, 1994). When criminal justice professionals fail to keep up with programming expectations, program shortages may influence inmate idleness. Inmate idleness can lead to disruptions, prison violations, gang-related activities, and mental-health issues related to stress and depression (Wilkinson, p. 76). Another issue confronting the criminal justice system is the increasing number ofyouth being sentenced to adult prisons (Fields, 2005). Every state within the U. S. has at least one statutory component that addresses the procedure of processing juveniles as adults in criminal court (Wilkinson, 1998). Prison officials also have other challenges. One challenge officials face includes accommodating the needs of state prisoners with symptoms of mania (43%) and major depression (23%) according to the U. S. Department of Justice (2006, p. 1). A major problem is that inmates with mental health problems are unable to defend their situation so they remain in prison. Although prison officials face the issue of crowding, they are also seeking ways for inmates to become engaged in some type of activity that will keep them busy for the majority of their waking hours. When offenders engage in some type of prison program or activity that helps with their transition from prison to society successful reintegration is possible. The theoretical framework of community service in the prison setting is the restorative justice model (Zehr, 2002). The restorative justice model advocates that offenders must demonstrate a desire or a goodwill gesture to pay back the public for the misdeed they committed in order to reconnect to their community. Restorative justice is a philosophical framework for responding to crime that focuses on the injury resulting from crime and the actions needed to mend this harm. It focuses on crime as an act against another individual or the community rather than the state. It is a future-focused model that emphasizes problem solving instead of â€Å"just deserts. † (Carey, 1996, pp. 152-153) Although several justice models exist, the restorative justice model combines the best features of the traditional, liberal, and conservative theories. â€Å"Restorative justice has brought an awareness of the limits and negative by-products of punishment. Beyond that, however, it has argued that punishment is not real accountability† (Zehr, 2002, p. 16). By participating as community service volunteers, inmates choose to serve the community. The inmates’ actions demonstrate a desire to give back and a desire to assume responsibility for their actions. Community service programs have a restorative justice component that considers an offender’s successful transition from incarceration to community integration (U. S. Department of Justice, 2006). When considering the large number of offenders in jails and prisons nationally, the problem demands the public’s immediate attention (U. S. Department of Justice, 2006). Providing offenders with productive activities through programs like community service sends a message to the public that its safety and security is vital. It is also important to assist inmates in their transition back into the community by engaging them in an activity that keeps them connected to a society that has been offended by crime. Wilkinson (1998) reported that a significant percent of exoffenders that participated in community service while in prison did not recidivate compared to those offenders that did not participate (p. 91). Although community service may have a positive impact on an inmate’s community re-entry, the type of community service program inmates do during their incarceration may also improve their quality of prison life. Barak, Savorai, Mavashev, and Beni (2001) reported that dogs are becoming a valued therapeutic tool among health-care providers in clinical and non-traditional settings because of the calming affect dogs have on the physical and mental conditions of patients. Community service programs serve a useful role in managing inmate behavior and controlling the frequency and severity of inmate infractions within adult prisons. However, as prison crowding occurs, prison officials struggle to keep inmates busy by assigning them to productive tasks. Inmate idleness is something that most states are confronted with and while prison jobs such as mopping floors, kitchen duty, and making prison garments keep inmates occupied, these jobs are not enough to satisfy programming requirements to address the needs of rising populations. As inmate populations increase, stable prison systems could become volatile environments endangering prison staff as well as the inmates the systems are charged with protecting. When there are a limited number of prison jobs to address the population challenges, offenders find inappropriate ways to address their own idleness. The choices offenders make may lead to fights, staff assaults, riots, and other forms of aggression. References Barak, Y. , Savorai, O. , Mavashev, S. , Beni, A (2001). Animal assisted therapy for elderly schizophrenic patients: A one year controlled trial. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 9(4), 439-432. Fields, G. (2005, January). Congress prepares to tackle prisoner recidivism: Lawmakers plan for bipartisan measures after report offers advice for overhaul. Wall Street Journal, p. A4. JFA Institute. (2007, November). Unlocking America: Why and how to reduce America’s prison population. Retrieved November 10, 2007, from www. jfa-associates. com U. S. Department of Justice. (2006, September 6). Study finds more than half of all prison and jail inmates have mental health problems. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from http://www. ojp. usdoj. gov/newsroom/pressreleases/2006/BJS06064. htm McCuan, R. , Prins, S. , Wasarhaley, N. (2007). Resources and challenges: Corrections and mental health collaborations. August 2007, Corrections Today: Female Offenders Collins, T. (2006). Ohio Department of Rehabilitation Correction: Pieces of the puzzle. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from http://www. drc. ohio. gov/ Dawn, B. (2007). Managing the â€Å"other† inmate. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from http://www. corrections. com Wilkinson, R. A. (1998). The impact of community service work on adult state prisons using a restorative justice framework. Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati, College of Education. Haney, C. (2007). Testimony of Professor Craig Haney. Prison overcrowding: Harmful consequences and dysfunctional reactions. University of California, Santa Cruz.

Definition Essay - The Many Ways to Define Service :: Definition Essays

Definition Essay - The Many Ways to Define Service    The service will soon end.   When one reads the prior sentence what exactly does he see coming to an end?   Depending upon one’s hobbies, peers, and cultural status, certain words may take on a sense of ambiguity.   The definition as stated in The Oxford English Dictionary, â€Å"work done for somebody else as a job,† is seemingly accurate. A possible influencing factor on one’s definition of service could be the SLWP work the entire WRA135 class has contributed to the YouVote website.   With the dedicated service to the website, and in turn the viewing community, the student may have come to view the word service as a term describing the help of others. Throughout the years the definition of service has developed according to the morals of the times and situations.   The ubiquitous concept of slavery in the 1800’s could have affected the definitions recorded in The Webster’s 1828 Dictionary, which defines service as, â€Å"the menial business of a servant; anything done by way of duty to a master.†Ã‚   Along with the turn of the millennium came worries of war, and American citizens placed emphasis on our armed forces.   With these thoughts imbedded in the authors’ minds it is not surprising that an emphasized definition of service in The Encarta World English Dictionary is stated as, â€Å"a government agency; armed forces.† After the principles of a certain time period have faded away the usage of a word associated with these principles begins to diminish as well, and the word may take on a newly developed meaning.   Perhaps due to this theory, one may not be familiar with one of the many definitions of the word service.   According to The Encarta World English Dictionary one description of the meaning of the word service is, â€Å"copulation with a female animal. Used of male animals, especially studs.† Not because of unfamiliarity, but because one may have never really stopped to examine the many variations in definitions, one may not have realized how often the word service can be applied to many varying situations.   For example Oxford’s English Dictionary’s entry of service states, â€Å"active devotion to God, as through good works or prayer.†Ã‚   An individual could have forgotten, but has now been reminded, of this form of service. With a newly gained open-minded outlook on vocabulary, in particular the word service, one should be able to recognize the many ambiguities words have to offer.

Consumerism in Today’s Society Essay

To analyze and explain the significance of something, you must first define it. Consumerism is â€Å"advocacy of a high rate of consumption and spending as a basis for a sound economy†. Consumerism plays an enormous role in Brave New World. It gives us a small view of what a different type of economy we might have. People are solely dependent on the things that the world state provides for them. There is much significance to consumerism in BNW, and through an analytical view of it, we find many similarities between consumerism in BNW and in our world today. In this novel the use of consumerism is prominent. Every person is provided for so that they do not have to worry about anything. In the US we constantly use our available resources even when it is not truly needed. A simple example would be, buying too much food at the grocery store, and most of it going to waste in about a weeks time. All the branches of society in BNW indulge in overconsumption just as we do, but it the Alpha group that really shows us this. Alphas show us this in many ways, often through the use of a drug. The best item in this society to get your hands on is soma. It is the most widely used and distributed item, it is used to keep individuals happy. From an example in the book, many of the castes are paid for their work with soma. Soma keeps the population under control, they take it when they do not feel â€Å"normal†, the drug keeps them from thinking unusually, thinking as an individual. The general public in BNW is encouraged to use public transportation, often to entertain themselves, to visit one of the reservations, or to play a game, such as Obstacle Golf, another example of consumerism in BNW, because it costs money to play. Or even to spectate, the population would still have to pay for transportation to watch. In our world today we also use public transportation, but it is not the only means of transportation. The public consumerism regarding entertainment in the form of games, such as golf, not a cheap sport but one we indulge ourselves in for amusement. Another example of how consumerism in BNW relates to us, is how the population in BNW are raised to use products provided by the World State, and dispose of them and continue to get more, and provide more money to the economy, therefore keeping the world at a constant steady state. This may sound very familiar, where products in our society become faulty overtime, some may say it is planned obsolescence, where maybe it isn’t completely broken and you cant fix it, maybe it is just so outdated it cannot keep up anymore. So we as individuals are forced to toss the product and purchase a new one. Our society has many examples of consumerism. Individuals with more money to spend often overindulge or spend it on unneeded things for our pleasure. We buy televisions, video games, extra clothing, more than one of a similar item, like a person having three different iPods. Sporting events have a huge impact on our economy as well. Millions of people in the US turn out to attend or watch on TV football during the regular season and the post season. We spend a lot of money of medicine and drugs. If one were to look into a persons medicine cabinet at home, it would be likely to find lots of pills and drugs for different uses that are defiantly not cheap, that are rarely used. Also a small minority of Americans in relation to the whole country, spend money on illegal drugs. Alcohol is also another product many Americans spend their money on that is an example of consumerism. Most individuals in our world today have given in to some form of consumerism. Unfortunately the peoples in BNW are trained and pretty much forced to give into consumerism. And if our world continues to overindulge we soon could also turn into a milder form of the society in this novel. But first we have to realize and start to conserve our valuable resources, so that we don’t have to depend upon our government for necessities.

Essay on Compare and Contrast Christmas and Thanksgiving

Compare and Contrast: Christmas and Thanksgiving Holidays are always celebrated no matter religion, beliefs, or culture. Some are recognized more than others but none two are as highly recognized like the cherished Christmas and Thanksgiving holidays. The pair may seem vastly different, as they are two completely separate occasions, but in actuality they do share very similar attributes. Many of the similarities and differences are about to be explained, so here goes. Christmas like Thanksgiving believe it or not, do happen to share many traits. One major factor that the two own is the warmth and love of bringing family and close friends together. It’s the few times a year that everyone has a reason to all gather around to†¦show more content†¦Like Thanksgiving, Christmas also has their main dish and it’s a huge oven cooked ham that is complimented by very many side dishes but never the less followed up by the famous Christmas time eggnog. Both wonderful holidays put up magnificent feasts for family and loved ones to gather around and enjoy. Of course receiving gifts is nice, but only one of these two occasions to gifts get brought in the picture. Christmas claims the attribute as every year gifts are exchanged among family, friends, co-workers, etc. Every Christmas morning kids and adults alike rush to unwrap presents that are specially marked with their names on it. As where Thanksgiving takes a little different approach, no gifts but instead just grasp what you’re thankful for. Being only one month apart in date, Christmas and Thanksgiving have two very different seasons. In November, when its considered fall, leaves have changed colors, the temperature has dropped some and the air brings crisp breezes. Often than not, you’ll see hay rides being offered, corn mazes and folks not quite in their full winter attire. But when Christmas time rolls around snow has fallen, not a trace of leaves on the trees and a bit too cold for hay rides and corn mazes. This wou ld be one month later, in December, where you will see town’s people bundled up in their warmest winter gear, building snowmen or making snow angels. Two individual seasons that areShow MoreRelatedThe Christmas Holiday From The Federal Calendar852 Words   |  4 PagesOmitting the Christmas Holiday from the Federal Calendar The establishment of a legal holiday is best defined as a day where there are no courts, labor, and is a day of joy and rest. While there should be a separation of church and state, Christmas is considered a legal holiday and one needs to question the validity of establishing this day as a legal holiday when one looks at the concept of separation of church and state and considering the diversity we face in today’s modern society. 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This minimalist packaging is at the same time consistent with Chanel’s image of stylish simplicity. Price It is clear that in order to maintain the image of a top-quality luxurious

The Three Branches Of Federal Government - 1290 Words

â€Å"We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.† The Constitution is the framework of our government, containing seven articles. The first three describe the three branches of Federal government which are legislative, judicial, and executive. The second three outline the rights and responsibilities of state governments and in relation to the Federal government. Lastly, the seventh article establishes the procedure used by the thirteen states to ratify it. These powerful words ensure our freedoms and equality are justly maintained. The Founding Fathers established the three branches of Federal government to guarantee that no one person or group of people could amass immense power. 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The Current Day And Age Essay - 1266 Words

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Syndrome-Based Defenses free essay sample

Since syndromes re viewed as diseases or disorders, we might anticipate the development based on other disorders, perhaps Alchemists, alcoholism, or drug addiction. Though the use of such defenses is on the rise, the success rate of said defenses has yet to change. Syndrome-Based Defenses 2 The Exploration of Unique Syndrome-Based Defenses A syndrome Is defined as a complex of signs and symptoms presenting a clinical picture of a disease or disorder. A syndrome-based defense Is a defense predicated on, or substantially enhanced by, the acceptability of syndrome-related claims. Some hypes of syndrome-based defenses when it comes to parents in particular are parental abuse syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, adopted child syndrome, mother lion syndrome, parental alienation syndrome, Munches-by-proxy syndrome, and distant father syndrome. Parental abuse syndrome was the defense used by brothers Lyle and Erik Maddened, who claimed that the reason they killed their mother and father was because they had both been brutally abused by their parents as children. Fetal alcohol syndrome is used as a defense when a person claims that the reason they committed the crime was because their mother drank alcohol while he was pregnant with the accused. Adopted child syndrome is a defense in which the person claims that they committed the crime while under a sleeper effect after finding out that theyre adopted for the first time. Mother lion syndrome Is a defense used to explain the extreme measures a mother would go to In order to protect her children, just like a mother lion.Parental alienation syndrome is a disorder in which a child grows up with parents who go through a divorce, and claim that the reason they committed the crime was because as a child, one parent plays one against the other; form of hate training. This phrase was coined in 1 992 by psychologist Richard Gardner. Distant father syndrome is a defense created by Robert Ably In the book Iron John In 1993. This defense Is mainly used by men who claim that as Syndrome-Based a child, their father never showed up, never paid child support, never showed their son their workplace, etc.The Munches-by-proxy syndrome is caused by parents who crave attention and therefore will cause or falsify their childrens abuse, in an attempt to get back at the system or to take away some of the glory from people who they perceive as professionals. Overall, the mor e common syndrome-based defenses are usually giving blame to the parents of the person(s) who committed the crime. There are also many cultural-based syndromes. The current most common cultural defense is internet addiction disorder, which medical specialists are believing to be as real as alcoholism.Other disorders that have been used in court are fan obsession syndrome, American dream syndrome, cultural norms defense, everybody does it defense, gone with the wind syndrome, the television defense, and the rock and roll defense. Fan obsession disorder was used as a defense by Robert Board in 1992 when he killed actress Rebecca Schaeffer. This defense was created by his psychiatrist Park Elliot Dietz. American dream syndrome is a defense in which one claims that cultural influences increase crime because of Americans wanting to get ahead economically.The cultural norms defense is one in which a person from an area with different cultural expectations commits a crime in America that would not usually be considered a crime in the area from which they came. The everybody does it defense is when a person in a public office claims that other people use public funds or inmates for personal chores. Gone with the wind syndrome is used by rape experts to explain why rapists believe sex has to be spontaneous and must involve some form of minor rejection from the woman beforehand.The television defense is a claim that violence on television creates a Syndrome-Based Defenses 4 viewpoint that the same form of violence is acceptable in real life. This defense was first used in 1977 by fifteen year-old Rooney Somoza, who killed an eighty-two year- old neighbor. In this particular case however, the Jury did not accept this defense. The rock and roll defense, used against Judas Priest, Outpace, and The Battles during he Manson trials, claims that violence is induced because of the subliminal messages in rock music, and in some cases, rap music as well.As our culture diversifies and becomes more technologically advanced, many more defenses will be us ed against our society. In addition, there are also many defenses that are sexually based, such as battered womens syndrome, in which a woman is abused by her spouse so much that she ends up killing him because she finds that there is absolutely no other alternative, and nobody to talk to or get help from. Another defense is sexual abuse yeomen, which can also be linked to rape trauma syndrome, which was discovered in 1974.This defense claims that sexual abuse as a child causes the person to grow up and commit the same or similar crimes, believing that it is acceptable. Other sexually based syndromes are sexually transmitted disease syndrome, Stockholm syndrome, meek-mate syndrome, unhappy gay sailor syndrome, ritual abuse syndrome and patient-therapist sex syndrome. Sexually transmitted disease syndrome is a disorder in which one claims that having a disease or fear of getting a disease causes criminal behavior.Stockholm syndrome, which was first used in Sweden, is a defense in which a hostage ends up tak ing the side of the person who gay and lesbian soldiers in the military who were angered for having to serve their entire military term in the closet. When a gun turret exploded on the US Iowa, the military Syndrome-Based Defenses 5 claimed that it was a case of sabotage due to the anger of the gay sailors. Ritual abuse syndrome, also known as satanic cult syndrome, or the Patty Hearst defense, is one in which the accused claims that some form of brainwashing or psychological arm took place while under the influence of a cult.Patient-therapist sex syndrome is a defense in which one claims that their behavior was the cause of sexual abuse by a trusted confidant, such as a priest or therapist. Meek-mate syndrome is a defense that was first used by a California man who killed his wife in 1994 because she damaged him psychologically by making him sleep on the floor and calling him names in public. Other strange defenses that have been used in court are chronic fatigue syndrome, computer addiction, Cheerleader-Sandusky syndrome, elderly abuse yeomen, twinkle defense, Vietnam syndrome, tobacco deprivation syndrome, and Super Bowl Sunday syndrome.Chronic fatigue syndrome is a medically identified defense also known as Yuppie Disease, which affects about 100,000 Americans and includes body ach es, photographic, and impairs daily activities. This disease creates prolonged and severe tiredness or weariness that is not be relieved by mere rest alone. Computer addiction is a claim that computer games involving point-and-shoot guns can cause violence. The Cheerleader-Sandusky syndrome, or CSS, is a disorder invented by sexologists at John Hopkins to explain things such as child abduction and extortion.They claim that lovesick parents or ex-spouses fall under a spell similar to epilepsy. This defense was first used in a New York courtroom in 1992. Elderly abuse syndrome is a condition in which an elderly person is overly-victimized, and does not want to report the person who is abusing them, generally a family member. The twinkle defense was used in 1978 in the Syndrome-Based Defenses 6 trial of Dan White, who was found guilty of murdering the Mayor of San Francisco, Supervisor Harvey Milk, and George Nosecone.